Match the sentences with the rules
Complete the rules
• Whom is the object form of who and is used formally in _______________ clauses.
He was a person whom everyone regarded as trustworthy.
*However, this is now felt to be excessively formal by most speakers and who is commonly used instead.
• Whom has to be used if it follows a _________________.
To whom it may concern.
To whom am I speaking?
* However, in everyday use, it is usual to avoid this kind of construction.
Who am I speaking to?
How do we use whose?
Several guests, whose cars were parked outside, were waiting at the door.
Several guests whose rooms had been broken into complained to the manager
Put commas if necessary
This is common in defining/ non defining object clauses especially in everyday conversation.
I've found the keys (which/that) I've been looking for.
That's the man (who/that) I was telling you about.
He was a person (who/that) everyone regarded as trustworthy.
Another common feature of conversational English, as outlined in who and whom above, is to end a defining clause with a ___________________________.
That's the house I used to live in.
I couldn't remember which station to get off at.
He's not someone who I really get on with
• What meaning the thing or things which can be used to start clauses.
I can't believe what you told me yesterday. What you should do is write a letter to the manager.
• ______________________,___________________, whichever can be used in a similar way.
You can rely on Helen to do whatever she can.
Whoever arrives first can turn on the heating.
These are clauses without a main verb. The examples given here are nondefining. Note that the two clauses have the same subject.
• Actions happening ___________________________.
Waving their scarves and shouting, the fans ran onto the pitch.
• One action happening before _________________
Opening the letter, she found that it contained a cheque for £1,000. This type of clause often explains the reason for something happening. Realising there was no one at home, I left the parcel in the shed. Both these types of sentence might begin with on or upon: On opening the letter ... Upon realising ...
• An event which is the ________________of another event
I didn't get wet, having remembered to take my umbrella.
• Where a passive construction might be expected, this is often shortened to a past_______________________
Having been abandoned by his colleagues, the Minister was forced to resign.
Abandoned by his colleagues, the Minister was forced to resign.
Complete the rule
It may be possible to reduce a verb phrase after who/which to an adjectival phrase in a defining clause, especially to define phrases such as ________________________, .
Jim was the only one of his platoon who had not been taken prisoner.
Jim was the only one of his platoon not taken prisoner.
By 4.30, there was only one painting which had not been sold.
By 4.30, there was only one painting not sold.
