In this screen, we will look at how candidates can use subordinate clauses to give full answers and show grammatical range and accuracy. You will do a task where you have to make sentences with subordinate clauses.

Look at this example:

The forests where the animals used to live have been destroyed.

Here the subordinate clause is a relative clause, which has been used to add information about the local inhabitants.

Let’s see how we can add information to the third paragraph that you have just looked at.

Look at these sentences from an essay in response to the question about the use of animals. Match the sentence and the subordinate clause which adds information to it.

Many animals are no longer used in industry,

There are many people who eat meat,

Many people treat their pets badly,

correct

Rare animals can live in special parks,

1. although the number of vegetarians is increasing.
2. where they can be protected from humans.
3. which is why many countries have dog licenses.
4. having been replaced by machines.

Using pronouns and synonyms

When looking at cohesion, we saw how pronouns like it and there help make a text cohesive. They also help avoid repetition. Look at the two sentences below. Which one is better?

Machinery became increasingly popular in the 18th century and the use of animals has reduced greatly since that century.

Machinery became increasingly popular in the 18th century and the use of animals has reduced greatly since then.

You can also use synonyms

Machinery became increasingly popular in the 18th century and the use of animals has reduced greatly since that time.

Complete the sentences with a synonym of the underlined words and phrases.

Complete the sentences with a synonym of the underlined words and phrases.

1

I think /_____________  that this may be possible.

2

In my ____________ /  opinion, people should be more responsible.

3

This is a very interesting __________/  topic.

4

I am sure /___________that this will change in the future.

5

This is the main reason for /   _____________of the problem.

6

You need to take into account /  _____________ the effects on the children.

7

I hope to show / ______________why this is a serious problem today.

8   

The main result /   ___________________of this is the effect on the environment.

Look at the three questions and structures. Complete the suggested structures with the conclusions.

1 Question:Some people see conflict between teenagers and parents as a natural part of growing up while others think it is negative and should be avoided. Discuss both points of view and give your opinion. 

2 Question: Traffic is becoming a problem in many major cities. What can be done about this? 

3 Question: Some people think that governments need to do more to protect the environment. Do you agree?

 1)

• Introduction + statement of opinion

• Justification for opinion

2)

• Introduction

• Advantages and disadvantages

•  Summarise both sides of the argument. Give an opinion.

3)

• Introduction – description of problem

• Possible solutions

•  Summarise the main problems and give a solution.

Now look at an answer to a Task 2 question. In this question learners were asked to talk about job satisfaction. What does job satisfaction mean to the individual and what does it mean in a wider context?

Here’s one student’s answer:

As adults, many people find they have less time on their hands to spend on themselves. This usually occurs in adulthood because people tend to spend most of their time on working on their career. With all the hours put into building a career, it is important to have a job that can cater to a person’s needs.

There are several factors that contribute to job satisfaction. First and foremost, it is important that there is a healthy work place environment. This is essential for keeping a person in a good state of mind and body. It is also vital for a person to love his or her job, whether it is writing for a newspaper or walking on the moon. When people are passionate about what they do, they will not have to work a day in their lives. However, it is important to keep in mind that money does matter. Though it would be idial to have a wonderful job and high salary, it is not always the case. It is important for these two elements to meet in the middle to have a truly satisfying job.

Having job satisfaction can easily be achieved if a person remembers those three ideas. As long as a person has the right credentials, there will always be an opportunity to find a job he or she will love. Reaching job satisfaction is not impossible if a person shows great interest in his or her work, receives a good salary and has a good environment having a satisfying job is easy to do.